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<title>Working class</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Working class</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Working_Class_(TV_series)" title="Working Class (TV series)"><i>Working Class</i> (TV series)</a> or <a href="Working_Class_(film)" title="Working Class (film)"><i>Working Class</i> (film)</a>.</div>

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<p>The <b>working class</b> is a subset of employees who are compensated with <a href="Wage" title="Wage">wage</a> or <a href="Salary" title="Salary">salary</a>-based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the working class rely primarily upon earnings from <a href="Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a>. Most common definitions of "working class" in use in the United States limit its membership to workers who hold <a href="Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar</a> and <a href="Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">pink-collar</a> jobs, or whose income is insufficiently high to place them in the <a href="Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>, or both. However, socialists define "working class" to include all workers who fall into the category of requiring income from wage labour to subsist; thus, this definition can include almost all of the working population of <a href="Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized economies</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div>

<p>As with many terms describing <a href="Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>, <i>working class</i> is defined and used in different ways. One definition used by many <a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labour, a group otherwise referred to as the <a href="Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, the working class includes white and blue-collar workers, manual and menial workers of all types, excluding individuals who derive their livelihood from business ownership or the labour of others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKibbin2000164_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKibbin2000164-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, which is primarily used to evoke images of laborers suffering "class disadvantage in spite of their individual effort", can also have racial connotations, applying diverse themes of poverty and implications about whether one is deserving of aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Feingold_2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feingold_2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In other contexts the term <i>working class</i> refers to a section of society dependent on physical <a href="Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labour</a>, especially when compensated with an hourly <a href="Wage" title="Wage">wage</a> (for certain types of science, as well as journalistic or political analysis). Working-class occupations can be categorized into four groups: unskilled labourers, artisans, <a href="Outworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Outworker">outworkers</a>, and factory workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoob2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoob2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Common alternative definitions of working class include definition by income level,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinkon19994_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinkon19994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby the working class is contrasted with a <i><a href="Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a></i> on the basis of access to economic resources, <a href="Education" title="Education">education</a>, cultural interests, and other goods and services, and the "white working class" has been "loosely defined" by the New York Times as comprising <a href="White_people" title="White people">white people</a> without college degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTCanary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTCanary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Researchers in Australia have suggested that <i>working class</i> status should be defined subjectively as a self-identification with the working class group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinDensonKilpatrickMatthews2014199_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinDensonKilpatrickMatthews2014199-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subjective approach allows individuals, rather than researchers, to define their own "subjective" and "perceived" social class.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist_definition:_the_proletariat">Marxist definition: the proletariat</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></div>

<p><a href="Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> defined the working class or <a href="Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> as those individuals who sell their <a href="Labour_power" title="Labour power">labour power</a> for <a href="Wage" title="Wage">wages</a> and who do not own the <a href="Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. He argued that they were responsible for creating the <a href="Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> of a society, asserting that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land or <a href="Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebowitz201614–15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebowitz201614–15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A sub-section of the proletariat, the <a href="Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">lumpenproletariat</a> (<i>rag-proletariat</i>), are the extremely poor and unemployed, such as <a href="Day_labourer" class="mw-redirect" title="Day labourer">day labourers</a> and <a href="Homeless" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeless">homeless</a> people. Marx considered them to be devoid of class consciousness.

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<p>In Marxist terms <a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage labourers</a> and those dependent on the <a href="Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> are working class, and those who live on <a href="Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulated capital</a> are not, and this broad dichotomy defines the <a href="Class_struggle" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>. In <i><a href="The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i>, Marx and <a href="Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> argue that it is the destiny of the working class to displace the <a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> system, with the <a href="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> (as opposed to the "<a href="Dictatorship_of_the_bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie">dictatorship of the bourgeoisie</a>") abolishing the social relationships underpinning the class system before then developing into a <a href="Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all."

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_growth">History and growth</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the labouring class, a group made up of different professions, trades and occupations. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the same <a href="Social_group" title="Social group">social unit</a>, a <a href="Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">third estate</a> of people who were neither <a href="Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocrats</a> nor church officials. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other <a href="Pre-industrial_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-industrial societies">pre-industrial societies</a>. The social position of these labouring classes was viewed as ordained by <a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the <a href="German_Peasants'_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbendroth197311–12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbendroth197311–12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the late 18th century, under the influence of the <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, European society was in a state of change, and this change could not be reconciled with the idea of a changeless God-created social order. Wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics (i.e. excessive consumption of alcohol, perceived laziness and inability to save money). In <i><a href="The_Making_of_the_English_Working_Class" title="The Making of the English Working Class">The Making of the English Working Class</a></i>, <a href="E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a> argues that the English working class was present at its own creation, and seeks to describe the transformation of pre-modern labouring classes into a modern, politically self-conscious, working class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbendroth1973_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbendroth1973-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class (see <a href="Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet working class</a>). Some historians have noted that a key change in these Soviet-style societies has been a new type of <a href="Proletarianization" title="Proletarianization">proletarianization</a>, often effected by the administratively achieved forced displacement of peasants and rural workers. Since then, four major industrial states have turned towards semi-market-based governance (<a href="China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>), and one state has turned inwards into an increasing cycle of poverty and brutalization (<a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>). Other states of this sort have collapsed (such as the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuromiya199087_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuromiya199087-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Since 1960, large-scale proletarianization and <a href="Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> of commons has occurred in the <a href="Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">third world</a>, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as <a href="India" title="India">India</a> have been slowly undergoing social change, expanding the size of the urban working class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutkind1988_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutkind1988-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informal_working_class">Informal working class</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">Informal economy</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Workforce#Informal_labour" title="Workforce">informal working class</a> is a sociological term coined by <a href="Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Mike Davis</a> for a class of over a billion predominantly young urban people who are in no way formally connected to the <a href="World_economy" title="World economy">global economy</a> and who try to survive primarily in <a href="Slum" title="Slum">slums</a>. According to Davis, this class no longer corresponds to the <a href="Society" title="Society">socio-theoretical</a> concepts of a class, from Marx, <a href="Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> or the <a href="Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">theory of modernization</a>. Thereafter, this class developed worldwide from the 1960s, especially in the southern hemisphere. In contrast to previous notions of a class of the lumpen proletariat or the notions of a "slum of hope" from the 1920s and 1930s, members of this class are given hardly any chances of attaining membership of the formal economic structures.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h2></div>

<p><a href="Diane_Reay" title="Diane Reay">Diane Reay</a> stresses the challenges that working-class students can face during the transition to and within higher education, and research intensive universities in particular. One factor can be the university community being perceived as a predominately middle-class social space, creating a sense of otherness due to class differences in social norms and knowledge of navigating academia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">Apprentice</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue collar">Blue collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a>/<a href="Professional_managerial_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional managerial class">Professional managerial class</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Embourgeoisement_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embourgeoisement thesis">Embourgeoisement thesis</a></li>

<li><a href="False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial novel">Industrial novel</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Labourer" class="mw-redirect" title="Labourer">Labourer</a></li>

<li><a href="Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian class theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletarian_literature" title="Proletarian literature">Proletarian literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletarian_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian novel">Proletarian novel</a></li>

<li><a href="Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">Reserve army of labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Seebohm_Rowntree" title="Seebohm Rowntree">Seebohm Rowntree</a>, English sociological researcher</li>

<li><a href="Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Working-class_culture" title="Working-class culture">Working-class culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_class_education" title="Working class education">Working class education</a></li></ul>

<p><b>Working classes in different countries</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Social_class_in_Italy#Contemporary_Italian_social_structure" title="Social class in Italy">Working class in Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Luxembourg#The_working_classes" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Working class in Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom#Working_class" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Working class in the UK</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">Working class in the United States</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/working-class">"Working Class"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425084219/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/working-class">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130716185658/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/working-class">"working class"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/working-class">the original</a> on 16 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><cite id="CITEREFThier2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Thier, Hadas (13 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2020/09/working-class-peoples-guide-capitalism-marxist-economics">"The Working Class Is the Vast Majority of Society"</a>. <i><a href="Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>.</cite></li><li><cite id="CITEREFArchivist2010" class="citation web cs1">Archivist (25 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/100638/25-08-2010/the-working-class/">"The Working Class"</a>. <i><a href="Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party</a></i>.</cite></li><li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Martin (4 January 2007). "The shape of the working class". <i><a href="International_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="International Socialism">International Socialism</a></i>. <b>113</b>.</cite></li><li><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe2018" class="citation web cs1">McCabe, Eddie (5 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialistalternative.org/2018/05/05/karl-marxs-theory-class-struggle-working-class-revolution/">"Karl Marx's Theory of Class Struggle: The Working Class & Revolution"</a>. <i><a href="Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></i>.</cite></li></ul></div></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKibbin2000164-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKibbin2000164_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKibbin2000">McKibbin 2000</a>, p. 164.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Feingold_2020-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feingold_2020_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeingold2020" class="citation journal cs1">Feingold, Jonathan (20 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/1019">"'All (Poor) Lives Matter': How Class-Not-Race Logic Reinscribes Race and Class Privilege"</a>. <i>University of Chicago Law Review Online</i>: 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203043839/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/1019/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinkon19994-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinkon19994_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinkon1999">Linkon 1999</a>, p. 4.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYTCanary-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTCanary_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdsall2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Thomas_B._Edsall" title="Thomas B. Edsall">Edsall, Thomas B.</a> (17 June 2012). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/canaries-in-the-coal-mine/">"Canaries in the Coal Mine"</a></span>. Campaign Stops. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620051108/https://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/canaries-in-the-coal-mine/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinDensonKilpatrickMatthews2014199-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinDensonKilpatrickMatthews2014199_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinDensonKilpatrickMatthews2014">Rubin et al. 2014</a>, p. 199.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebowitz201614–15-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebowitz201614–15_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLebowitz2016">Lebowitz 2016</a>, pp. 14–15.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbendroth197311–12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbendroth197311–12_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbendroth1973">Abendroth 1973</a>, pp. 11–12.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbendroth1973-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbendroth1973_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbendroth1973">Abendroth 1973</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313180607/https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/prospective-undergrads/virtual-classroom/secondary-source-exercises/sources-people/thompson">"Thompson: The Making of the English Working Class — Faculty of History"</a>. <i>www.hist.cam.ac.uk</i>. <a href="Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/prospective-undergrads/virtual-classroom/secondary-source-exercises/sources-people/thompson">the original</a> on 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuromiya199087-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuromiya199087_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuromiya1990">Kuromiya 1990</a>, p. 87.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutkind1988-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutkind1988_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutkind1988">Gutkind 1988</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis, Mike</a> (2007). <i>Planet der Slums</i> [<i>Planet of the slums</i>] (in German). Berlin: Assoziation A. p. 183.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis, Mike</a> (27 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009030059/https://www.bpb.de/internationales/weltweit/megastaedte/64695/planet-der-slums">"Planet der Slums – Urbanisierung ohne Urbanität"</a> [Planet of the Slums - Urbanization without urbanity]. <i>Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/themen/SB18M2.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2015.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReay2021" class="citation journal cs1">Reay, Diane (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fejed.12438">"The working classes and higher education: Meritocratic fallacies of upward mobility in the United Kingdom"</a>. <i><a href="European_Journal_of_Education" title="European Journal of Education">European Journal of Education</a></i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>64. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fejed.12438">10.1111/ejed.12438</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-3435">1465-3435</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234081023">234081023</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAbendroth1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Wolfgang_Abendroth" title="Wolfgang Abendroth">Abendroth, Wolfgang</a> (1973). <i>A Short History of the European Working Class</i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDoob2013" class="citation book cs1">Doob, Christopher B. (2013). <i>Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society</i>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-205-79241-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGutkind1988" class="citation book cs1">Gutkind, Peter C. W., ed. (1988). <i>Third Worlds Workers: Comparative International Labour Studies</i>. International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology. Vol. 49. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">E.J. Brill</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-08788-0</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0074-8684">0074-8684</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKuromiya1990" class="citation book cs1">Kuromiya, Hiroaki (1990). <i>Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928–1931</i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLebowitz2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Michael_A._Lebowitz" title="Michael A. Lebowitz">Lebowitz, Michael A.</a> (2016). <i>Beyond Capital: Marx's Political Economy of the Working Class</i>. <a href="Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLinkon1999" class="citation book cs1">Linkon, Sherry Lee (1999). "Introduction". In Linkon, Sherry Lee (ed.). <i>Teaching Working Class</i>. Amherst, Massachusetts: <a href="University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. pp. 1ff. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55849-188-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcKibbin2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ross_McKibbin" title="Ross McKibbin">McKibbin, Ross</a> (2000). <i>Classes and Cultures: England, 1918–1951</i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRubinDensonKilpatrickMatthews2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Mark; Denson, Nida; Kilpatrick, Sue; Matthews, Kelly E.; Stehlik, Tom; Zyngier, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0013189X14528373">"'I Am Working-Class': Subjective Self-Definition as a Missing Measure of Social Class and Socioeconomic Status in Higher Education Research"</a>. <i><a href="Educational_Researcher" title="Educational Researcher">Educational Researcher</a></i>. <b>43</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">196–</span>200. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0013189X14528373">10.3102/0013189X14528373</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.13%2F1043609">1959.13/1043609</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-102X">1935-102X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145576929">145576929</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBenson2003" class="citation book cs1">Benson, John (2003). <i>The Working Class in Britain, 1850–1939</i>. London: <a href="I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-86064-902-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Blackledge, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210115927/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=11839">"Why Workers Can Change the World"</a>. <i><a href="Socialist_Review" title="Socialist Review">Socialist Review</a></i>. No. 364. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=11839">the original</a> on 10 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFConnellIrving1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Raewyn_Connell" title="Raewyn Connell">Connell, Raewyn</a>; Irving, Terry (1980). <a href="Class_Structure_in_Australian_History" title="Class Structure in Australian History"><i>Class Structure in Australian History</i></a>. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEngels1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1968). <a href="The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England"><i>The Condition of the Working Class in England</i></a>. Translated by Henderson, W. O.; Chaloner, W. H. Stanford, California: <a href="Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8047-0634-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJakopovich2014" class="citation cs2">Jakopovich, Daniel (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociology.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/cs14.pdf"><i>The Concept of Class</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Cambridge Studies in Social Research</i>, No. 14., <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924124855/https://www.sociology.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/cs14.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span></cite></li>

<li>Leon, Carol Boyd. "The life of American workers in 1915," <i>Monthly Labor Review</i> (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2016.5">https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2016.5</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMilesSavage1994" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Andrew; <a href="Michael_Savage_(sociologist)" title="Michael Savage (sociologist)">Savage, Mike</a> (1994). <i>The Remaking of the British Working Class, 1840–1940</i>. London: <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-90681-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoran2002" class="citation book cs1">Moran, William (2002). <i>Belles of New England: The Women of the Textile Mills and the Families Whose Wealth They Wove</i>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-312-30183-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRaine2011" class="citation journal cs1">Raine, April Janise (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/mcnair_journal/vol7/iss1/13/">"Lifestyles of the Not So Rich and Famous: Ideological Shifts in Popular Culture, Reagan-Era Sitcoms and Portrayals of the Working Class"</a>. <i>McNair Scholars Research Journal</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120140043/https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/mcnair_journal/vol7/iss1/13/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRose2010" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Jonathan (2010). <i>The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes</i> (2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-15365-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRubin1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Lillian_B._Rubin" title="Lillian B. Rubin">Rubin, Lillian B.</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsofpainlife00rubi"><i>Worlds of Pain: Life in the Working Class Family</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-465-09724-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRowntree2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Seebohm_Rowntree" title="Seebohm Rowntree">Rowntree, Seebohm</a> (2000) [1901]. <a href="Poverty%3A_A_Study_of_Town_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty: A Study of Town Life"><i>Poverty: A Study of Town Life</i></a>. Macmillan and Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-86134-202-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sheehan, Steven T. (2010). "'Pow! Right in the Kisser': Ralph Kramden, Jackie Gleason, and the Emergence of the Frustrated Working-Class Man". <i><a href="Journal_of_Popular_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Popular Culture">Journal of Popular Culture</a></i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">564–</span>582. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5931.2010.00758.x">10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00758.x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-5931">1540-5931</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShipler2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_K._Shipler" title="David K. Shipler">Shipler, David K.</a> (2004). <a href="The_Working_Poor" title="The Working Poor"><i>The Working Poor: Invisible in America</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-375-40890-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSkeggs2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Beverley_Skeggs" title="Beverley Skeggs">Skeggs, Beverley</a> (2004). <i>Class, Self, Culture</i>. London: <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-30086-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThompson1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson, E. P.</a> (1968). <a href="The_Making_of_the_English_Working_Class" title="The Making of the English Working Class"><i>The Making of the English Working Class</i></a> (rev. ed.). Harmondsworth, England: <a href="Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTurner2014" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Katherine Leonard (2014). <i>How the Other Half Ate: A History of Working-Class Meals at the Turn of the Century</i>. Berkeley, California: <a href="University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-520-27758-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZweig2001" class="citation book cs1">Zweig, Michael (2001). <i>Working Class Majority: America's Best Kept Secret</i>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8014-8727-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/working_class" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/working class">working class</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Working_class" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Working class">Working class</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ysu.edu/center-working-class-studies">The Center for Working-Class Studies at Youngstown State University</a></li></ul>

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</p>

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</style><div id="Social_class321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li>

<li><a href="New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li>

<li><a href="Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>

<li><a href="Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li>

<li><a href="High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li>

<li><a href="Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li>

<li><a href="Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a>

<ul><li><a href="Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a>

<ul><li><a href="Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li>

<li><a href="Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li>

<li><a href="Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li>

<li><a href="Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li>

<li><a href="White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li>

<li><a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Patrician

<ul><li><a href="Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a>

<ul><li><a href="Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a>

<li><a href="Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li>

<li><a href="Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li>

<li><a href="Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li>

<li><a href="Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li>

<li><a href="Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li>

<li><a href="Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabellotto" title="Gabellotto">Gabellotto</a></li>

<li><a href="Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li>

<li><a href="Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li>

<li><a href="Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li>

<li><a href="Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li>

<li><a href="Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li>

<li><i><a href="Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a>

<ul><li><a href="Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li>

<li><a href="Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li>

<li><a href="Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li>

<li><a href="Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li>

<li><a href="Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li>

<li><a href="American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li>

<li><a href="Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li>

<li>Ancient Greece</li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191159#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata868" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191159#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata868" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4068799-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Working class"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85073639">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550598005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/7a0469ce-0ae2-44e5-b4c3-ff2c414c9af2">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Working_class&oldid=1299633274">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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